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Hear That? Say This Endnotes

Hear That? Say This draws on leading gender bias research as well as findings from LeanIn.Org’s report on the 2020 presidential race. Below is the full list of citations. Thanks to our contributing experts Christianne Corbett and Marianne Cooper.

  1. Anna North, “America's Sexist Obsession with What Women Politicians Wear, Explained,” Vox, December 3, 2018, https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/12/3/18107151/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-eddie-scarry-women-politics; Kira Sanbonmatsu, “Women of Color in American Politics,” Political Parity, https://www.politicalparity.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Parity-Research-Women-Of-Color.pdf.
  2. Kieran Snyder, “The Abrasiveness Trap: High-Achieving Men and Women Are Described Differently in Reviews,” Fortune, August 26, 2014, https://fortune.com/2014/08/26/performance-review-gender-bias/.
  3. Joan C. Williams and Rachel Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work: Four Patterns Working Women Need to Know (New York: NYU Press, 2014); L. A. Rudman, C. A. Moss-Racusin, P. Glick, and J. E. Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards: Advances in Backlash Theory," in P. Devine and A. Plant, eds., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 45 (San Diego: Academic Press, 2012), 167–227, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394286-9.00004-4.
  4. Heilman, “Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Bias.”
  5. Madeline Heilman, “Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Bias,” Research in Organizational Behavior 32 (December 2012): 113–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003; L. A. Rudman, C. A. Moss-Racusin, P. Glick, and J. E. Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards: Advances in Backlash Theory," in P. Devine and A. Plant, eds., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 45 (San Diego: Academic Press, 2012), 167–227, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394286-9.00004-4; Madeline E. Heilman, Aaron S. Wallen, Daniella Fuchs, and Melinda M. Tamkins, “Penalties for Success: Reactions to Women Who Succeed at Male Gender-Typed Tasks,” Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 3 (2004): 416–27, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.416
  6. LeanIn.Org, "How outdated notions about gender and leadership are shaping the 2020 presidential race," September 2019, https://leanin.org/data-about-gender-bias-and-electability-in-the-2020-election.
  7. Ibid.
  8. Ibid.
  9. Ibid.
  10. Ibid.
  11. Ibid.
  12. Ibid.
  13. Madeline Heilman, “Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Bias,” Research in Organizational Behavior 32 (December 2012): 113–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards.”
  14. Victoria L. Brescoll and Eric Luis Uhlmann, “Can an angry woman get ahead? Status conferral, gender, and expression of emotion in the workplace,” Psychological Science 19, no. 3 (2008): 268–75.
  15. Madeline E. Heilman and Tyler G. Okimoto, “Why Are Women Penalized for Success at Male Tasks?: The Implied Communality Deficit,” The Journal of Applied Psychology 92, no. 1 (January 2007): 81–92, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81; Madeline E. Heilman, Aaron S. Wallen, Daniella Fuchs, and Melinda M. Tamkins, “Penalties for Success: Reactions to Women Who Succeed at Male Gender-Typed Tasks,” Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 3 (2004): 416–27, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.416; Heilman, “Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Bias”; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards.”
  16. Lisa F. Barrett and Eliza Bliss-Moreau, “She’s Emotional. He’s Having a Bad Day: Attributional Explanations for Emotion Stereotypes,” Emotion 9, no. 5 (2009): 649–58; Carolyn C. Milton, “Psychological Research Shows How Biased We Are When It Comes to Female Leadership: An Interview with Madeline Heilman,” Forbes, May 15, 2018; Victoria L. Brescoll, “Leading with Their Hearts? How Gender Stereotypes of Emotion Lead to Biased Evaluations of Female Leaders,” The Leadership Quarterly, April 28, 2016, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1048984316000151.
  17. Ibid.
  18. Williams and Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work.
  19. Laurie A. Rudman, “Self-Promotion as a Risk Factor for Women: The Costs and Benefits of Counterstereotypical Impression Management,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 3 (1998): 629–45, http://search.committee.module.rutgers.edu/pdf/Rudman_self_promoing.pdf; Corinne A. Moss-Racusin and Laurie A. Rudman, “Disruptions in Women’s Self-Promotion: The Backlash Avoidance Model,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 34, no. 2 (June 2010): 186–202, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01561.x; Heilman, “Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Bias”; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards.”
  20. Victoria L. Brescoll and Tyler Okimoto, “The Price of Power: Power-Seeking and Backlash Against Female Politicians,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36, no. 7 (2010): 923–36, https://doi.org/10.1037/e506052012-245.
  21. Williams and Dempsey, What Works for Women at Work; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards.”
  22. Moss-Racusin and Rudman, “Disruptions in Women’s Self-Promotion”; Rudman, “Self-Promotion as a Risk Factor for Women”; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, and Phelan, “Reactions to Vanguards.”
  23. Anne M. Koenig, Alice H. Eagly, Abigail A. Mitchell, and Tiina Ristikari, “Are Leader Stereotypes Masculine? A Meta-Analysis of Three Research Paradigms,” Psychological Bulletin 137, no. 4 (2011): 616–42, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023557.
  24. Heilman, “Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Bias”; Koenig, Eagly, Mitchell, and Ristikari. “Are Leader Stereotypes Masculine?”